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Bolivia - General Country Information

Introduction
Geography
People
Government
Economy
Communications
Transportation
Military
Transnational Issues

Introduction

General Information: Bolivia

The capital of Bolivia is La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary).

Major cities of Bolivia are:
Cobija, Cochabamba, Guayaramerin, La Paz, Puerto Suarez, Riberalta, Santa Cruz, Sucre, Tarija, Trinidad.

Geography

Location:	Central South America, southwest of Brazil
Coordinates:	17 00 S, 65 00 W
Area:	total: 1,098,580 sq km land: 1,084,390 sq km water: 14,190 sq km
Area Comparative:	slightly less than three times the size of Montana
Land Boundaries:	total: 6,743 km border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km
Coastline:	0 km (landlocked)
Maritime Claims:	none (landlocked)
Climate:	varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Terrain:	rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin
Elevation Extremes:	lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m
Natural Resources:	tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower
Land Use:	arable land: 2.67% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 97.54% (2001)
Irrigated Land:	1,280 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural Hazards:	flooding in the northeast (March-April)
Environment Current Issues:	the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation
Environment International Agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection
Note:	landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

People

Population:	8,724,156 (July 2004 est.)
Age Structure:	total: 21.1 years male: 20.4 years female: 21.8 years (2004 est.)
Population Growth Rate:	1.56% (2004 est.)
Birth Rate:	24.65 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death Rate:	7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Migration Rate:	-1.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex Ratio:	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant Mortality Rate:	total: 54.58 deaths/1,000 live births male: 58.23 deaths/1,000 live births female: 50.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Expectancy Birth:	total population: 65.14 years male: 62.54 years female: 67.86 years (2004 est.)
Fertility Rate:	3.08 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV Adult Prevalence Rate:	0.1% (2003 est.)
People Living HIV:	4,900 (2003 est.)
HIV Deaths:	less than 500 (2003 est.)
Nationality:	noun: Bolivian(s) adjective: Bolivian
Ethnic Groups:	Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Religions:	Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)
Languages:	Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 87.2% male: 93.1% female: 81.6% (2003 est.)

Gouvernment

Country Name:	conventional long form: Republic of Bolivia conventional short form: Bolivia local long form: Republica de Bolivia local short form: Bolivia
Government Type:	republic
Capital:	La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)
Administrative Divisions:	9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija
Independence:	6 August 1825 (from Spain)
National Holiday:	Independence Day, 6 August (1825)
Constitution:	2 February 1967; revised in August 1994
Legal System:	based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:	18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21 years of age, universal and compulsory (single)
Executive Branch:	chief of state: President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since 17 October 2003); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since 17 October 2003); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 30 June 2002 (next to be held NA June 2007) election results: as a result of no candidate winning a majority in the 30 June 2002 election, Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamante was chosen president by Congress; Congressional votes - Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamante 84, Evo MORALES 43; note - following the resignation of the elected president on 17 October 2003, Vice President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert assumed the presidency
Legislative Branch:	bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (27 seats; members are elected by proportional representation from party lists to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130 seats; 68 are directly elected from their districts and 62 are elected by proportional representation from party lists to serve five-year terms) elections: Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held 30 June 2002 (next to be held NA June 2007) election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MNR 11, MAS 8, MIR 5, NFR 2, other 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MNR 36, MAS 27, MIR 26, NFR 25, others 16
Judicial Branch:	Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges appointed for 10-year terms by National Congress); District Courts (one in each department); provincial and local courts (to try minor cases)
Political Parties Leaders:	Bolivian Socialist Falange or FSB [Romel PANTOJA]; Civic Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Free Bolivia Movement or MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Marshal of Ayacucho Institutional Vanguard or VIMA [Freddy ZABALA]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR [Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Evo MORALES]; Movement Without Fear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO]; Nationalist Democratic Action or ADN [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR [leader NA]; New Republican Force or NFR [Manfred REYES-VILLA]; Pachakuti Indigenous Movement or MIP [Felipe QUISPE]; Socialist Party or PS [Jeres JUSTINIANO]
Political Pressure Groups Leaders:	Cocalero Groups; indigenous organizations; labor unions; Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia or CSUTCB [Roman LOAYZA]
International Organization Participation:	CAN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic in US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime APARICIO Otero chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 483-4410 FAX: [1] (202) 328-3712 consulate(s) general: Miami, New York, and San Francisco consulate(s): Washington, DC
Diplomatic from US:	chief of mission: Ambassador David N. GREENLEE embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032 telephone: [591] (2) 2430120, 2430251 FAX: [591] (2) 2433900
Flag Description:	three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band

Economy

Economy Overview:	Bolivia, long one of the poorest and least developed Latin American countries, made considerable progress in the 1990s toward the development of a market-oriented economy. Successes under President SANCHEZ DE LOZADA (1993-97) included the signing of a free trade agreement with Mexico and becoming an associate member of the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur), as well as the privatization of the state airline, telephone company, railroad, electric power company, and oil company. Growth slowed in 1999, in part due to tight government budget policies, which limited needed appropriations for anti-poverty programs, and the fallout from the Asian financial crisis. In 2000, major civil disturbances held down growth to 2.5%. Bolivia's GDP failed to grow in 2001 due to the global slowdown and laggard domestic activity. Growth picked up slightly in 2002, but the first quarter of 2003 saw extensive civil riots and looting and loss of confidence in the government. Bolivia will remain highly dependent on foreign aid unless and until it can develop its substantial natural resources.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $21.01 billion (2003 est.)
GDP Growth Rate:	2.5% (2003 est.)
GDP Capital:	purchasing power parity - $2,400 (2003 est.)
GDP Composition:	agriculture: 15% industry: 33.2% services: 51.9% (2003 est.)
Investment:	12.4% of GDP (2003)
Population Below Poverty Line:	70% (1999 est.)
Household Income:	lowest 10%: 1.3% highest 10%: 32% (1999)
Gini Index:	44.7 (1999)
Inflation Rate:	3.3% (2003 est.)
Labor Force:	4.1 million (2003)
Labor Force Occupation:	agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA
Unemployment Rate:	11.7% note: widespread underemployment (2003)
Budget:	revenues: $2.346 billion expenditures: $2.957 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2003)
Agriculture Products:	soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; timber
Industries:	mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing
Industry Production Growth Rate:	3.9% (1998)
Electricity Production:	3.901 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity Consumption:	3.634 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity Exports:	3 million kWh (2001)
Electricity Imports:	9 million kWh (2001)
Oil Production:	44,340 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil Consumption:	49,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil Exports:	NA (2001)
Oil Imports:	NA (2001)
Oil Proved Reserves:	458.8 million bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural Gas Production:	4.05 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural Gas Consumption:	1.15 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural Gas Exports:	2.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural Gas Imports:	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Natural Gas Proved Reserves:	727.2 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current Account Balance:	$50 million (2003)
Exports:	$1.495 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports Commodities:	soybeans, natural gas, zinc, gold, wood (2000)
Exports Partners:	Brazil 37%, Venezuela 12.9%, Colombia 11.9%, US 11.5%, Peru 5.1% (2003)
Imports:	$1.505 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports Commodities:	capital goods, raw materials and semi-manufactures, chemicals, petroleum, food
Imports Partners:	Brazil 25.2%, Argentina 22.3%, US 12%, Chile 9.3%, Peru 5.8% (2003)
Reserves:	$1.096 billion (2003)
Debt External:	$5.332 billion (2003 est.)
Currency:	boliviano (BOB)
Currency Code:	BOB
Exchange Rates:	bolivianos per US dollar - 7.6592 (2003), 7.17 (2002), 6.6069 (2001), 6.1835 (2000), 5.8124 (1999)
Fiscal Year:	calendar year

Communications

Telephones Lines Use:	600,100 (2003)
Mobile Cellular:	1,401,500 (2003)
Telephone System:	general assessment: new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other cities; mobile cellular telephone use expanding rapidly domestic: primary trunk system, which is being expanded, employs digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic cable; mobile cellular systems are being expanded international: country code - 591; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio Stations:	AM 171, FM 73, shortwave 77 (1999)
Television Stations:	48 (1997)
Internet Code:	.bo
Internet Hosts:	7,080 (2003)
Internet Users:	270,000 (2002)

Transportation

Railways:	total: 3,519 km narrow gauge: 3,519 km 1.000-m gauge (2003)
Highways:	total: 53,790 km paved: 3,496 km (including 13 km of expressways) unpaved: 50,294 km (2000 est.)
Waterways:	general assessment: new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other cities; mobile cellular telephone use expanding rapidly domestic: primary trunk system, which is being expanded, employs digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic cable; mobile cellular systems are being expanded international: country code - 591; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Pipelines:	gas 4,860 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,457 km; refined products 1,589 km; unknown (oil/water) 247 km (2004)
Ports Harbors:	Puerto Aguirre (on the Paraguay/Parana waterway, at the Bolivia/Brazil border); also, Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay
Merchant Marine:	total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 413,407 GRT/699,901 DWT by type: bulk 3, cargo 26, chemical tanker 4, container 3, livestock carrier 1, multi-functional large load carrier 1, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 1, short-sea/passenger 3, specialized tanker 2 foreign-owned: Argentina 1, British Virgin Islands 1, Cambodia 1, China 1, Cyprus 1, Egypt 1, Eritrea 1, Germany 2, Greece 1, Hong Kong 1, Indonesia 1, Iran 1, Italy 2, Latvia 2, Panama 3, Romania 1, Russia 1, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Saudi Arabia 2, Singapore 3, Syria 1, Turkey 1, United Kingdom 1, United States 3, Yemen 2 registered in other countries: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports:	1,067 (2003 est.)
Airports Paved Runways:	total: 16 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)
Airports Unpaved Runways:	total: 1,049 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 60 914 to 1,523 m: 207 under 914 m: 778 (2004 est.)

Military

Military Branches:	Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval, includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana)
Military Age Obligation:	18 years of age for voluntary military service; when annual number of volunteers falls short of goal, compulsory recruitment is effected, including conscription of boys as young as 14; one estimate holds that 40% of the armed forces are under the age of 18, with 50% of those under the age of 16; conscript tour of duty - 12 months (2002)
Military Availability:	males age 15-49: 2,175,384 (2004 est.)
Fit Military Service:	males age 15-49: 1,417,804 (2004 est.)
Reaching Military Age Annually:	males: 98,155 (2004 est.)
Military Expenditures Dollar Figure:	$127 million (2003)
Military Expenditures Percent GDP:	1.6% (2003)

Transnational Issues

Disputes International: Bolivia

has reactivated its claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, to secure sovereign maritime access for Bolivian natural gas

Illicit Drugs:

world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru) with an estimated 28,450 hectares under cultivation in June 2003, a 23% increase from June 2002; intermediate coca products and cocaine exported mostly to or through Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to European and US drug markets; eradication and alternative crop programs under the MESA administration have been unable to keep pace with farmers' attempts to increase cultivation; money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade, especially along the borders with Brazil and Paraguay